Fritz Rumpf, The Soldier's Garb.
Excerpted from: Bernhard Schwertfeger / Erich Otto Volkmann (eds.), Die deutsche Soldatenkunde, vol. 2, Leipzig 1937.
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Excerpt from: Wolfgang Quincke, Handbook of Costume Studies, Leipzig 1908.
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Martin Lezius, The Development of the German Army. Uniform Plates. 1936.
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A Short History of Uniforms - Part 2 - From War Garb to the Early Beginnings of the Uniform
Common badges for armies and troops were customary early on; the cross was the unifying symbol of the crusaders. After the conquest of Jerusalem (1099) several knightly orders were founded, e.g. the Order of the Temple (1120), the Order of St. John (1120) and the Teutonic Order (1190). These martial associations had a uniform habit: for example, the Templars wore a white cloak with a red eight-pointed cross. The Teutonic Order also wore a white cloak, but with a black cross.